Platelet rich plasma Injection grafts for musculoskeletal injuries：a review（2）.
TGFbeta is active during inflammation, and influences the regulation of cellular migration and proliferation; stimulate cell replication, and fibronectin binding interactions [23] (Fig. 2). VEGF is produced at its Highest levels only After the inflammatory phase, and is a potent stimulator of angiogenesis. Anitua et al. showed that in vitro VEGF and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) considerably increased following exposure to the pool of released growth factors; suggesting they accelerate Tendon cell proliferation and stimulate type I Collagen synthesis [11]. PDGF is produced following tendon damage and helps stimulate the production of other growth factors and has roles in tissue remodeling. PDGF promotes Mesenchymal stem cell replication, Osteoid production, Endothelial cell replication, and Collagen synthesis. It is likely the First growth factor present in a wound and starts connective tissue healing by promoting collagen and protein synthesis [7]. However, a recent animal study by Ranly et al. suggests that PDGF may actually inhibit bone growth [24].
Fig. 2
Active platelets
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that bFGF is both a powerful Stimulator of Angiogenesis and a Regulator of Cellular migration and proliferation [23]. IGF-I is highly expressed during the early inflammatory phase in a number of animal tendon healing models, and likely assists in the proliferation and migration of Fibroblasts and to increase Collagen production [23]. However, a laboratory analysis of human PRP samples demonstrated increased concentrations of PDGF, TGFbeta, VEGF, and EGF, while not showing an increase in IGF-1 [25]. EGF effects are limited to Basal cells of Skin and Mucous membrane while inducing cell migration and replication.
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