醫學教育看兩種熱情的風險（Sir WilliamOsler：The natural man has only two primal passions, to get and to beget.）
台灣新生報 社論 2015年7月23日
現代醫學教育，尤其是北美醫學教育的起源，要從威廉‧奧斯陸（Sir WilliamOsler，1st Baronet，a Canadian physician and one of the four founding professorsof Johns Hopkins Hospital）談起；一八八九年奧斯陸（Sir WilliamOsler）受聘到新成立的約翰·霍普金斯大學醫學院與附設醫院，擔任內科主任，並改革臨床教學模式。
當代醫學教育已經改變很多，但是奧斯陸在霍普金斯的臨床教育模式；譬如醫師查房、床邊教學、設立實驗室，鼓勵研究風氣、社區參與；在一百多年後的今天，依然是醫學教育家的地景和視野。
醫師來者不拒，從王公貴族到販夫走卒，從革命分子到罪犯，從聖人到無恥之徒，從過去到現在，人的身體或精神一旦出了狀況，都令歷代的醫師沉思；為什麼疾病會有差異？疾病何以致此？從個人到社會，疾病該如何解決？治療疾病的風險和代價如何？怎樣的治療和緩解，才是病人的最佳利益？
奧斯陸提倡用臨床案例來教導年輕醫生，也重視模範角色的潛移默化功能。他從行醫、教學、生活當中，展現對人類的好奇，尊重和對醫學的熱愛；他留下許多佳句，對後代醫生和社會大眾仍然詼諧受用。
「醫學是沒有把握的科學，也是尋求可能的藝術。」（Medicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability.）
「這一代的哲學，下一代的荒謬；昨天的愚蠢，今天的智慧。」（The philosophies of one age have become the absurdities of the next, and the foolishness of yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow.）
「很多的愚昧，帶來很多的教條規矩。」
「習醫沒有書，就像沒有航海圖的航行；但是沒有病人，就等同沒有出海的航行。」（He who studies medicine without books sails an uncharted sea, but he who studies medicine without patients does not go to sea at all. To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.）
「好的醫師治病，偉大的醫師治療病人。」（The good physician treats the disease；the great physician treats the patient who has the disease. It is much more important to know what sort of a patient has a disease than what sort of a disease a patient has.）
「醫師最重要的第一件任務是教導大眾不要吃藥。」（One of the first duties of the physician is to educate the masses not to take medicine.）；
「區別人和其他動物的最大特徵或許就是人有想吃藥的欲望。」（The desire to take medicine is perhaps the greatest feature which distinguishes man from animals.）；
「醫師的任務是如何增進對生命的了解，而不是從生命撈油水。」（We are here to add what we can to life, not to get what we can from life.）；
「年輕醫師一開始用二十種藥治療一種疾病；老醫師用一種藥治療二十種疾病。」（The young physician starts life with 20 drugs for each disease, and the old physician ends life with one drug for 20 diseases.）
奧斯陸還說過一句深藏宏觀和結構性的話：「自然之人只有兩種主要的熱情，獲取和生殖。」（The natural man has only two primal passions, to get and to beget.）；這句話和孔子的「食、色，性也」相互輝映。
The best preparation for tomorrow is to do today's work superbly well.
Observe, record, tabulate, communicate. Use your five senses. Learn to see, learn to hear, learn to feel, learn to smell, and know that by practice alone you can become expert.
There are, in truth, no specialties in medicine, since to know fully many of the most important diseases a man must be familiar with their manifestations in many organs.
It is much simpler to buy books than to read them and easier to read them than to absorb their contents.
The very first step towards success in any occupation is to become interested in it.
There is no more difficult art to acquire than the art of observation, and for some men it is quite as difficult to record an observation in brief and plain language.
Variability is the law of life, and as no two faces are the same, so no two bodies are alike, and no two individuals react alike and behave alike under the abnormal conditions which we know as disease.
The greater the ignorance the greater the dogmatism.
Look wise, say nothing, and grunt. Speech was given to conceal thought.
What is the student but a lover courting a fickle mistress who ever eludes his grasp？
The value of experience is not in seeing much, but in seeing wisely.
兩種主要的熱情，看似自然，其實自然的爪和牙血淋淋。現代人經常因為兩種主要的熱情出錯，而和幸福人生擦身而過，甚至掉落悲慘痛苦的循環。
現代人必須深思熟慮兩種主要熱情所帶來的風險，進而採取有利於自己的熱情平衡點；因為奧斯陸所揭示的預言正是「人類的天性並不想知道真實，全部的真實，或純粹的真實。即使最聰明的人也滿足於片段的真實，驚鴻一瞥，而非事務的真實全貌。」（No human being is constituted to know the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth; and even the best of men must be content with fragments, with partial glimpses, never the full fruition.）
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